In this paper, I address the issue of the possible applicability of the ideas of Karl R. Popper’s social and political philosophy in the contemporary political life of postcolonial countries. Through reference to the reception of Popper’s philosophy in Central and Eastern Europe, I argue that Popper’s writings were effective in catalysing the political wholesale transformation by undermining Marxists’ pretensions to scientific status rather than through his anti-utopian and anti-revolutionary political recommendations. In the context of attempts to apply Popper’s ideas in postcolonial countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, I claim that the influence of Popper’s social thought on the politics of those countries may not be as effective as expected or desired.

Introduction: Cognitive style is a psychological concept based on which people use information from the surrounding environment under certain thought patterns in order to expand their knowledge about the surrounding world. In this research, the explanation of the seven cognitive styles based on cognitive structures, language-discourse and lived Experience in Piaget's post-Operational studies as structurators who give structure to the formless and meaningless mass of external sensations and perceptions and create meaning and worldview, language creates discourse and shapes lived Experience and existence. Methods: The method of qualitative research and content analysis of texts using selected texts included various worldviews. The statistical sample and the sampling method were purposeful and the study was completed until theoretical saturation was reached, and the coding and textual analysis process was carried out in the qualitative data analysis software Max QDA 2018. Results: The findings showed that three categories of cognitive structures, language-discourse and lived Experience were determined from among the five components of causal, contextual and intervening conditions and strategies and consequences, and the indicators of lived Experience generate seven cognitive styles in the human situation. It existed in the world and man against the world Conclusion: It seems that the seven cognitive styles have the capacity to open new horizons in research in many cases.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with Operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s Experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

In this paper we distinguish between Operational risks depending on whether the Operational risk naturally arises in the context of model risk. As the pricing model exposes itself to Operational errors whenever it updates and improves its invest-ment model and other related parameters. In this case, it is no longer optimal to implement the best model. Generally, an option is exercised in a jump-diffusion model, if the stock price either exactly hits the early exercise boundary or the price jumps into the exercise price region. However paths of the diffusion process are continuous. In this paper the impact of Operational risk on the option pricing through the implementation of Mitra’ s model with jump diffusion model is pre-sented. A partial integral differential equation is derived and the impact of param-eters of Merton’ s model on Operational risk and option value by Operational value at risk measure is employed. The option values in the presence of Operational risk on data set are computed and some of the results are presented.